Les causes génétiques de la longueur de la queue du braque du Bourbonnais

<body> <H1>Braque du Bourbonnais</H1> <H2>Génétique de la longueur de la queue</H2> <p class="traduc"><a href="../en/tail-genetics.htm" target="_top"> <img border=0 width=15 height=16 id="_x0000_i1025" src="../Images/us.gif" alt="English version" align=top></a> </p> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <p class="navig"> <a href="genetique.htm" target="_top">GENETIQUE</a> <img border="0" src="../Images/Navigation/AllerA.gif"> <a href="genetique-couleur.htm" target="_top">Les gènes gouvernant la couleur</a> <img border="0" src="../Images/Navigation/AllerA.gif"> <a target="_top" href="genetique-korthals.htm">Consanguinité dans une autre race: le griffon Korthals</a> </p> <ul class="Liste-Fleche-Rouge"> <li> <H3>Introduction:</H3> </li> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Les explications données ci-dessous sont d'abord le fruit de constatations que nous avons faites, ayant passé plus de 30 ans à élever des braques du Bourbonnais à queue courte, pour conserver ce gène dans la race. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Je découvris ensuite la passionnante expérience du docteur Bruce Cattanach pour faire passer le gène queue courte des Corgis aux boxers, et eut la chance de bénéficier de ses conseils avisés (voir cette expérience en <a target="_blank" href="http://www.steynmere.com/ARTICLES1.html">Cliquant ici</a>). Les travaux auxquels il avait participé ayant identifié un gène causant ce caractère, il nous fallait savoir si ce même gène était à l'oeuvre chez le Bourbonnais.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Quand le docteur Catherine André (du CNRS) accepta de faire cette recherche, de nombreux amateurs se mobilisèrent pour envoyer un échantillon de l'ADN de leur chien. Le résultat de cette étude est donné par le rapport de stage rédigé par Samuel Seguin que voici (en format pdf): <a target="_blank" href="../QueueCourte/RapportQueueCourte.pdf">rapport de stage</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>A l'automne 2005, Michel Comte eut l'occasion de rencontrer Catherine André, le président de la Société Centrale Canine Gérard Arthus et le professeur Bernard Denis, pour leur demander de reconnaà®tre un test qui permettrait d'apposer la mention 'queue courte naturelle' sur les pedigrees des Bourbonnais porteurs du gène . L'idée étant de permettre aux Bourbonnais qui naissent avec la queue courte de pouvoir être présentés en exposition partout en Europe, malgré l'interdiction de la coupe de la queue qui se répand dans de nombreux pays. Il serait aussi utile que les acheteurs de chiots aient une garantie quand on leur vend un sujet Â'queue courte naturelle Â', nous avons vus de trop nombreux amateurs se faire vendre des chiens à queue coupée comme des queue courte naturelle (d'oà¹ déception quand ils les font reproduire et n'obtiennent aucune queue courte naturelle). D'ici là , la seule référence pour les gens qui veulent élever des chiens queue courte, ce sont mes archives (je repère toutes les lignées queue courte).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <li> <H3>Locus/allèles impliqués:</H3> </li> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Un seul locus est impliqué, et il ne peut porter que deux allèles:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Allèle T -> queue courte<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Allèle t -> queue longue<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>L'allèle T est dominante par rapport à l'allèle t.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <li> <H3>Phénotypes/Génotypes:</H3> </li> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>On a 3 génotypes possibles, mais l'un de ces génotypes est léthal (c'est à dire que les chiots ayant ce génotypes ne naà®tront jamais), donnant 2 phénotypes. En <span style='color: blue'>bleu</span> les chiens queue courte, en <span style='color:red'>rouge</span> les chiens queue longue, en gris les chiens qui ne naà®tront pas:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'>Génotype</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'>Phénotype</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia; color:red'>t-t</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia; color:red'>Queue longue</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia; color:blue'>t-T</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia; color:blue'>Queue courte</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:3.5pt'> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:3.5pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:3.5pt'> <span style="color: #808080" lang="en-us"><b>T</b></span><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia;color:gray'>-T</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:3.5pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:3.5pt'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia;color:gray'>Létal</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <li> <H3>Mariages possibles:</H3> </li> <ul class="Liste-Rond-Vert"> <li> <H4>Mariage Queue longue â€' Queue longue: t-t + t-t</H4> </li> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Portée attendue: 100% de <span style="color: #FF0000"><b>t</b></span><b><span style='color:red'>-t(queue longue)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <li> <H4>Mariage Queue courte â€' Queue longue: t-T + t-t</H4> </li> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p> <span style="font-size: 16pt">t</span></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p> <span style="font-size: 16pt">T</span></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-T</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-T</span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Portée attendue: 50% de <span style="color: #FF0000"><b>t</b></span><b><span style='color:red'>-t(queue longue)</span></b> et 50% de <span style="color: #0000FF"><b>t</b></span><b><span style='color:blue'>-T(queue courte)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <li> <H4>Mariage Queue courte â€' Queue courte: t-T + t-T</H4> </li> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='background:white;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p> <span style="font-size: 16pt">t</span></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">T</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:red;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-T</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p> <span style="font-size: 16pt">T</span></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:blue;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">T</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-t</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; background:gray;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 16pt" lang="en-us">T</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Georgia'>-T</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Georgia'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Portée attendue: 25% de <span style="color: #808080">T</span><span style='color:gray'>-T(ne naissent pas)</span>, 50% de <span style="color: #FF0000">t</span><span style='color:red'>-T(queue courte)</span> et 25% de <span style="color: #0000FF">t</span><span style='color:blue'>-t(queue longue)</span> -> 66% de queue courte et 33% de queue longue avec portée réduite de 25%</span></p> </ul> <li> <H3>Travail restant à faire:</H3> </li> <p> <span lang="fr">Nous n'avons pas constat</span><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>é la réduction de portée annoncée par la théorie dans les quelques croisement queue courte / queue courte que nous avons faits. Il faudrait élucider ce mystère.</span></p> <p> <span lang="fr">Dans une </span><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>portée les chiots queue courte se répartissent en anoure (pas de queue) et brachyoure (courte queue)</span><span lang="fr">, mais on ne sait pas encore pourquoi. Il va falloir faire des statistiques (combien d'anoures, combien de brachyoures dans chaque port</span><span lang=FR style='font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:FR'>ée) si on veut comprendre.</span></p> </ul> <p class="navig"> <a href="genetique.htm" target="_top">GENETIQUE</a> <img border="0" src="../Images/Navigation/AllerA.gif"> <a href="genetique-couleur.htm" target="_top">Les gènes gouvernant la couleur</a> <img border="0" src="../Images/Navigation/AllerA.gif"> <a target="_top" href="genetique-korthals.htm">Consanguinité dans une autre race: le griffon Korthals</a> </p> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <p>Â©2004 Michaà'l Comte</p> </body>